This concept connects the chemistry inside an electrochemical system to the voltage measured on the outside, and explains why a cell's voltage changes as it discharges or charges Every electrochemical system has thermodynamic force or a stored energy due to the redox reactions occurring within it. As redox reactions occur, reactants get consumed and products are generated. Depending on whether the reaction is spontaneous or not (based on the sign of its Gibbs free energy chan

Learn about how the intercalation mechanism stores and releases energy in batteries.

An explanation of the N to P ratio, and the implications of having an N/P less than 1 versus greater than 1 in lithium-ion batteries.

Learn what the Solid Electrolyte Interface (SEI) is, and the properties that constitute a good SEI layer in Li-ion batteries.

Understand the difference between conduction current and displacement current, and how the Ampère-Maxwell law ties it all together

Discover what an Electric Field is and how it influences charged particles.